Definition and Examples of Corpus Linguistics

Corpus linguistics is the study of language based on large collections of real life language use stored in corpora (or corpuses)--computerized databases created for linguistic research. Also known as corpus-based studies. Corpus linguistics is viewed by some linguists as a research tool or methodology, and by others as a discipline or theory in its own right.  Kuebler and Zinsmeister conclude that the answer to the question whether corpus linguistics is a theory or a tool is simply that it can be both. It depends on how corpus linguistics is applied (Corpus Linguistics and Linguistically Annotated Corpora, 2015). Although the methods used in corpus linguistics were first adopted in the early 1960s, the term corpus linguistics didnt appear until the 1980s. Examples and Observations [C]orpus linguistics is . . . a methodology,  comprising a large number of related methods which can be used by scholars of many different theoretical leanings. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that corpus linguistics is also frequently associated with a certain outlook on language. At the centre of this outlook is that the rules of language are usage-based and that changes occur when speakers use language to communicate with each other. The argument is that if you are interested in the workings of a particular language, like English, it is a good idea to study language in use. One efficient way of doing this is to use corpus methodology . . .. (Hans Lindquist, Corpus Linguistics and the Description of English. Edinburgh University Press, 2009)Corpus studies boomed from 1980 onwards, as corpora, techniques and new arguments in favour of the use of corpora became more apparent. Currently this boom continues--and both of the schools of corpus linguistics are growing . . .. Corp us linguistics is maturing methodologically and the range of languages addressed by corpus linguists is growing annually. (Tony McEnery and Andrew Wilson, Corpus Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press, 2001) Corpus Linguistics in the Classroom In the context of the classroom the methodology of corpus linguistics is congenial for students of all levels because it is a bottoms-up study of the language requiring very little learned expertise to start with. Even the students that come to linguistic enquiry without a theoretical apparatus learn very quickly to advance their hypotheses on the basis of their observations rather than received knowledge, and test them against the evidence provided by the corpus. (Elena Tognini-Bonelli,  Corpus Linguistics at Work. John Benjamins, 2001)To make good use of corpus resources a teacher needs a modest orientation to the routines involved in retrieving information from the corpus, and--most importantly--training and experience in how to evaluate that information. (John McHardy Sinclair, How to Use Corpora in Language Teaching, John Benjamins, 2004) Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses Quantitative techniques are essential for corpus-based studies. For example, if you wanted to compare the language use of patterns for the words big and large, you would need to know how many times each word occurs in the corpus, how many different words co-occur with each of these adjectives (the collocations), and how common each of those collocations is. These are all quantitative measurements. . . .A crucial part of the corpus-based approach is going beyond the quantitative patterns to propose functional interpretations explaining why the patterns exist. As a result, a large amount of effort in corpus-based studies is devoted to explaining and exemplifying quantitative patterns. (Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Randi Reppen, Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use, Cambridge University Press, 2004)[I]n corpus linguistics quantitative and qualitative methods are extensively used in combination. It is also characteristic of corpus linguistics to begin with qua ntitative findings, and work toward qualitative ones. But . . . the procedure may have cyclic elements. Generally it is desirable to subject quantitative results to qualitative scrutiny--attempting to explain why a particular frequency pattern occurs, for example. But on the other hand, qualitative analysis (making use of the investigators ability to interpret samples of language in context) may be the means for classifying examples in a particular corpus by their meanings; and this qualitative analysis may then be the input to a further quantitative analysis, one based on meaning . . .. (Geoffrey Leech, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith, Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge University Press, 2012)

Educating Children With Children Can Learn From Great...

Engaging in recreation is a process by which children can learn from. Great quality play has a significant impact on child development. Play involves the child, thinking, creative expression of thoughts and feelings, and physical demands. It all interacts with in there dynamic process. Children learn about relationships with peers, significant adults, and the world around them. They experience the complete range of their senses and feelings, how their bodies move through space, and how their imaginations can create alternate worlds of existence. When children build with blocks or sand, romp through the modules of a playground superstructure, they learn limits and bond through horse playing, expressing themselves it represent the world through hundreds of different materials, they gain the benefits of play in thousands of different ways. They are continually learning and emerging, becoming healthy, well reasonable individuals through play. Children usually respond when asked about play, play is more than just fun. Play is engaging, voluntary and spontaneous. Taking part is a way for children to learn more about whom they are and what they can do. Play is a way for children to test limits, engage in fantasy, and learn about others. Play in the United States over the last century has gone from being almost completely an outdoor activity to one that is often situated indoors in front of televisions and computers. Schools, so often concernedShow MoreRelatedThe Professional Identity Of A Teacher1217 Words   |  5 PagesTeachers play an important role in society. They are responsible for educating children, the leaders of tomorrow. A teacher is recognised as one of the most influential people involved within the development of a child, responsible for the imparting of both social and academic knowledge. As an aspiring teacher it is important to reflect and critique on the professional identity of a teacher. 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Example of a Well Structured free essay sample

Example of a well structured essay. The content isn’t that exiting and the conclusion is quite weak, but there are many good points to make on the way the essay is structured and the way the information is put across. All my comments are highlighted thus. A good introduction. †¢Does the job of clearly defining the topic covered in the essay and the specific aspects which will be discussed. See in particular last sentence of introduction. ( We will be looking at the structure of introductions more specifically in another class. ) †¢ Grabs reader’s attention by including stats and a quote. If you suffer from shyness, you are not alone, for shyness is a universal phenomenon. According to recent research, â€Å"close to 50 percent of the general population report that they currently experience some degree of shyness in their lives. In addition, close to 80 percent of people report having felt shy at some point in their lives† (Payne, 2000, p. 5). As shyness is so prevalent in the world, it is not surprising that social scientists are learning more about its causes. They have found that shyness in an individual can result from both biological and environmental factors. This is the thesis statement of the essay. It is the most specific sentence of the intro and indicates clearly what will be covered in the essay, and in what way it will be covered. This may be too detailed for this session and will be covered in session on paragraphs etc.. Body paragraphs are coherent and only deal with one aspect of the main topic. Paragraph 1 – covers the genetic causes of shyness Points are well supported by quotes Recent research reveals that some individuals are genetically predisposed to shyness. In other words, some people are born shy. Researches say that between 15 and 20 percent of newborn babies show signs of shyness: they are quieter and more vigilant. Researchers have identified physiological differences between sociable and shy babies that show up as early as two months. In one study, two-month-olds who were later identified as shy children reacted with sign of stress to stimuli such as moving mobiles and tape recordings of human voices: increased heart rates, jerky movements of arms and legs and excessive crying. Further evidence of the genetic basis of shyness is the fact that parents and grandparents of shy children more often say that they were shy as children than parents and grandparents of non-shy children (Henderson and Zimbardo, 2005). Paragraph 2 Not really a full paragraph, but it acts as a transition paragraph to move the reader from the genetic causes of shyness to the environmental causes. However, environment can, at least in some cases, triumph over biology. A shy child may lose much of his or her shyness. On the other hand, many people who were not shy as children may become shy adults, a fact that points to environmental or experiential causes. Paragraph 3 Covers first environmental cause The first environmental cause of shyness may be a child’s home and family life. Children who grew up with a difficult relationship with parents or a dominating older sibling are more likely to be inhibited in social interactions. Another factor is the fact that today’s children are growing up in smaller and smaller families, with fewer and fewer relatives living nearby. Growing up in single-parent homes or in homes in which both parents work full time, children may not have the socialising experience of frequent visits by neighbours and friends. Because of the lack of social skills, they may begin to feel socially inhibited, or shy, when they start school (Smith, 2002). Paragraph 4 Covers 2nd environmental cause A second environmental cause of shyness in an individual may be one’s culture. In a large study conducted in several nations, 40 percent of participants in the United States rated themselves as shy, compared to 57 percent in Japan and 55 percent in Taiwan. Of the countries participating in the study, the lowest percentage of shyness was found in Israel, were the rate was 31 percent. Researchers Henderson and Zimbardo argue that one explanation of the cultural difference between Japanese and Israelis lies in the way each culture deals with attributing credit for success and blame for failure. 2005, p. 20). â€Å"In Japan, an individual’s performance success is credited externally to parents, grandparents, teachers and others, while failure is entirely blamed on the person. Therefore the Japanese learn not to take risks in public and rely instead on group-shared decisions. † (Henderson and Zimbardo, 2005, p. 22). In Israel, the situation is entirely reversed accord ing to Henderson and Zimbardo. â€Å"Failure is externally attributed to parents, teachers, friends and other sources, while all performance success is credited to the individual’s enterprise† (2005, p. 22). The consequence is that Israelis are free to take risks since there is nothing to lose by trying and everything to gain. (2005). Paragraph 5 Covers 3rd environmental cause In addition to family and culture, technology may play a role as well. In the United States, the number of young people who report being shy, has risen from 40 percent to 50 percent in recent years (Payne, 2005). The rising number of shy young people may be â€Å"due in part to the growing dependence on non-human forms of communication, coming about as a result of our huge advances in technology† (Payne, 2005, p. 6). Watching television, playing video games and surfing the web have displaced recreational activities that involve social interaction for many young people. Adults too, are becoming more isolated as a result of technology. Face-to-face interactions with bank clerks, petrol station attendants and shop assistants are no longer necessary because people can use machines to do their banking, fill their petrol tanks and order merchandise. College students take online telecourses. Telecommuters work at home, giving up daily contact with co-workers. Everyone texts, e-mails and converses anonymously in online chat rooms. As a result, people have less opportunity to socialise in person, become increasingly awkward at it and eventually start avoiding it altogether. In short, they become shy. Paragraph 6 Covers not a cause but the effects of shyness. While being shy has some negative consequences, it also has positive aspects. For one thing, it has been mentioned that shy people are good listeners (Smith, 2002). Furthermore, a university professor writing about his own shyness says â€Å"Because of their tendency towards self-criticism, shy people are often high achievers, and not just in solitary activities like research and writing. Perhaps, even more that the drive towards independent achievement, shy people long to make connections to others, often through altruistic behaviour† (Benton, 2004, p. 110). Conclusion Shyness has both genetic and environmental causes. Some people come into the world shy, while others become shy as a result of their experience in life. This sentence echoes the thesis statement at end of introduction. It appears that most people have experienced shyness at some time in their lives and recent research indicates that the number of shy people is increasing. Therefore, if you are shy, you have lots of company. . last sentence possibly a little weak!! But still does the job! Further comments: Linking/transitional signals – use of these to introduced a new item or a change of direction in argument or point, helps the text to flow and easier to read and understand†¦use of these and many others will be looked at in another session. Other point which could be picked on is the writing style and the way the sentences are constructed. In many cases the 2nd clause (section) of the sentence has been r

Contemporary Issues in Sports for Narcotic Analgesics and Diuretics

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Issues in Sports for Narcotic Analgesics and Diuretics. Answer: Introduction Doping, the term is derived from dope, which is an expression that was used to refer to an alcoholic drink which was used to stimulate dancers of South Africa; this term was later extended to modern day doping. Athletes use banned substance to improve their performance in sports. This is called doping. The International Olympic Committee and the International Sports Authorities and Federation have listed, identified and accepted some doping substances. The doping substances are stimulants,analogues, peptide, narcotic analgesics, diuretics and glycoprotein hormones and anabolic agents. This list is continuously updated by the major sports organizations like the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Sports Authorities. Doping methods can be of various types like physical manipulation, blood doping, chemical manipulation and pharmacological manipulation (Angelo et al., 2013). There are drugs like alcohol, beta-blockers, anesthetics, marijuana; corticosteroidsare su bjected to restrictions by organizations like International Olympic Committee (IOC). Some medical requirement can make it necessary to consume such drugs but without a proper medical ground. An athlete who consumes any of these substances or adopts this kind of doping methods is subjected to disqualification by governing organizations of sports (Alexander, 2014). Discussion According to O'Leary (2013), Doping has detrimental effects on athletes and it poses threat to fair competition in sports. In endurance sports like cycling, rowing, swimming, cross-country and skiing, athletes make use of drugs to enhance their performance. One such drug is erythropoietin which is consumed by athletes who play endurance sports. Erythropoietin leads to a higher level of red blood cells which can make the blood of athletes more oxygenated and thus increase their performance in endurance sports. Thus doping should be avoided as it leads to unfair competition. It has been criticized that sports like football and soccer are not doing much to resolve the issue of doping. However, according to Yar (2014), it can be alternatively be argued that doping should be legalized in athletes. The zero-tolerance against doping is not working. If the blood data is non-suspicious, it does not prove that no doping substances are used. It only means that doping substances in blood of athl etes did not exceed the range. It is known that athletes are subjected to doping but the organizations of sports are unable to clearly identify the athletes who have made use of doping substances. Thus, high-performance of athletes are subjected to suspicion and many athletes face harassments even if they do not make use of doping substances just because they have delivered high performance. For instance, cyclist Chris Froome and his teammates delivered high performance in Tour de France and was subjected to physical violence. Justin Gatlin has complained that bans related to doping have led to unfair and biased coverage of his performance (O'Leary, 2013). Key findings and Application of Social theory and Interventions The Athlete Biological passport is the fundamental principle which can be utilized for monitoring the specified biological variables over time that can reflect indirectly the effects of doping rather than to make an attempt to detect the doping substance or the doping method itself. The robust framework of the anti-doping program can be integrated into the Athlete Biological passport by the anti-doping organizations for identification and target of athletes who can be subjected to specific analytical testing by making use of intelligent methods for interpreting their passport data on time. WADA is the international independent organization which is responsible to monitor and coordinate the global fight against sports. The Athlete Biological Passport has been developed by WADA. The executive committee of WADA approved the Biological Passport Operating guidelines of WADA on December 1, 2009. A standardized approach was adopted by the first version of WADA ABP guidelines to profile the Haematological variables of the athletes to detect the doping level in blood of sportsmen. The second module was introduced by the fourth version of WADA ABP guidelines which is called the steroidal module which was used to detect steroid doping from urinary steroid concentrations of athletes over time. WADA will develop and revise the Athlete Biological Pass port guideline and thus intervene to control doing among sportsmen by consulting its stakeholders to intervene in anti-doping activities and to take strict measures and control to rectify the doping related issue in sports((WADA intervention, 2017) The anti-doping rule violations consist of 10 rules which are in alignment with the World-Anti Doping code like the sportsmen should not fail to submit a sample collection for testing related to doping, the athletes sample should not contain a prohibited substance, an athlete should not tamper with the doping control, an athlete should not be associated with a doctor or coach who has been found guilty of violating the anti-doping rules (WADA intervention, 2017) United Kingdom Anti Doping is the national anti-doping organization which is responsible for charging the personnel who have supported athletes or athletes directly for Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV). The code of ADRV was developed by UKAD IN 2015 and the code is aligned to World-Anti Doping code, thus UKAD intervenes and control doping among sportsmen. Results from testing programs of doping related activities in sportsmen are also published by UKAD. There are more than 89 sports which are charged with having doping payers. In all international game formats, 115 nations were represented by doped players. There has been evidence of doping in football. FIFA is of the opinion that education can make sports free of doping. The intervention that is adopted by FIFA to ensure that football matches are free from doping is that FIFA ensures that team physicians sign a declaration that states that athletes will undergo routine blood testing before the commencement of FIFA world cup (Duntas Popovic, 2013). In the Olympic Games, athletes are tested for Erythropoietin by testing samples of their urine and blood. 18-pro cyclists have died due to the use of Erythropoietin as of 2012 (Barkoukis et al., 2013).Some of the Anti-Doping organizations that intervene in activities related to doping are the United States Olympic Committee. The International Olympic Committee has founded the World Anti-Doping Agency. The activities of the agency include education and development to intervene and address issues related to doping and to monitor the World Anti-Doping Code. The UNESCO International Convention a gainst Doping in Sports enforced the provision of the World-Anti Doping Agency. Also, the Council of Europe Anti-Doping Convention has intervened with doping activities related to sports to and the aims of this organization are in alignment with that of WADA (Morente-Snchez Zabala, 2013). Functionalist theory is applied to this issue related to doping in sportsmen. Emile Durkheim portrayed the perspective that interconnected part of a society or social being can be harmonized by philosophers and sociologists belonging to the same school of thought. The issue related to doping in sportsmen is considered a contemporary issue of sports because it raises questions against the social justification of sportsmen. Ben Johnson was found guilty of doping in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Diego Maradona was also found guilty of doping in 1986 World Cup. Lance Armstrong, the renowned cyclist was accused of doping in Tour de France in 2005. The doping acquisitions against Armstrong got stronger because his teammates were found to consume Erythropoietin. Maria Sharapova, the five-time Grand Slam Winner was found guilty of doping and claimed that she concealed the use of meldonium from authorities and International Tennis Federation banned her from playing tennis till 26 January, 2018 (Pa oli Donati, 2014). A sports organization or a governing body of sports organize campaign, activities and programs and implement codes to address groups issues related to doping in sports. These code or conduct or campaigns are called intervention. The contemporary issues of sports are broad and diverse, so one intervention cant solve an issue. Intervention from sports organization is mandatory to address contemporary issue of sports like doping. Despite of the intervention to handle issues related to doping in sportsmen, the success rate of Anti-doping campaigns is just 1-2 percentages. The social theory is used in the research as the anti doping movement will lead to the harmony of the individual social being to create an effective understanding of the issues. The sports and anti-doping communities can be committed to clean sport; they can incorporate the Say No! To Doping logo in promotional materials, uniforms, sports equipment and competition venues. More than stringent law, social awareness needs to be developed so that more number of the sports persons can be driven to a squad free from doping. Conclusion It can be concluded that doping in sportsmen is a contemporary issue in sports that have negative consequences like doping leads to unfair competition in sports. The performance of sportsmen increases dramatically because of doping which does not ensure fair competition. There has been intervention from different sports organizations like WADA, IOC, FIFA and many more for implementing positive steps to control doping among sportsmen. However, the tests conducted to test doping in sportsmen are not always effective and many sportsmen have complained that bans which are related to doping caused unfair and biased coverage of their performance. Reference List Alexander, B. R. (2014). War on drugs redux: Welcome to the war on doping in sports.Substance use misuse,49(9), 1190-1193. Angelo Corlett, J., Brown Jr, V., Kirkland, K. (2013). Coping with doping.Journal of the Philosophy of Sport,40(1), 41-64. Barkoukis, V., Lazuras, L., Tsorbatzoudis, H., Rodafinos, A. (2013). Motivational and social cognitive predictors of doping intentions in elite sports: An integrated approach.Scandinavian journal of medicine science in sports,23(5). Duntas, L. H., Popovic, V. (2013). Hormones as doping in sports.Endocrine,43(2), 303-313. Morente-Snchez, J., Zabala, M. (2013). Doping in sport: a review of elite athletes attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge.Sports Medicine,43(6), 395-411. O'Leary, J. (2013).Drugs Doping in Sports. Routledge. Paoli, L., Donati, A. (2014). The sports doping market. InUnderstanding Supply and Demand and the Challenges of Their Control. Springer New York. WADA intervention. (2017).wada-ama.org. Retrieved 24 October 2017, from https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2017-04/wada-publishes-2015-anti-doping-rule-violations-report Yar, M. (2014).Crime, deviance and doping: Fallen sports stars, autobiography and the management of stigma. Springer.

Unit G Psychology free essay sample

Glucose is: A. the hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior. B. the neurotransmitter that promotes satiation and produces feelings of fullness as you eat. C. also called the hunger hormone because its presence in the lining of the stomach strongly stimulates appetite. *D. also called blood sugar and is the primary source of energy in your body. 2. Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Maslows theory of motivation? A. Maslows initial studies on self-actualization were based on limited samples and often relied on the life stories of acquaintances, and biographies and autobiographies of historical figures he selected. B. The concept of self-actualization is vague and almost impossible to define in such a way that it could be empirically measured or tested. C. Despite the claim that that self-actualization is an inborn motivational goal, most people do not experience or achieve self-actualization. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit G Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * D. Because of Maslows influence, psychology was encouraged to focus on the motivation and development of psychologically healthy people. 3. Psychologists define the term _____ as a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. A. motivation *B. emotion C. self-efficacy D. anthropomorphism 4. Which of the following lists the correct sequence of sleep stages during the first 90 minutes of sleep? * A. stage 1 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 4 NREM, REM sleep B. REM sleep, stage 4 NREM, stage 3 NREM, stage 2 NREM, stage 1 NREM C. stage 1 REM, stage 2 REM, stage 3 REM, stage 4 REM, NREM D. wakefulness, drowsiness, dreaming, deep sleep, paradoxical sleep 5. Sleep restriction studies have shown that: A. research participants adapted to the four-hour-per-night sleep schedule by the end of the first week and showed no cognitive or physical impairments over the course of the experiments. B. there were some beneficial effects in terms of memory consolidation, reaction time, and immune system functioning. * C. mmune system functioning, concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and ability to gauge risk were all diminished. D. there is no evidence to support the notion that REM and NREM sleep deprivation result in REM and NREM rebound effects. 6. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors are _______ that tend to occur in _______. *A. parasomnias; stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep B. parasomnias; REM sleep C. dyssomnias; stages 1 and 2 NREM sleep D. dyssom nias; REM sleep 7. Which of the following is an example of a parasomnia? A. insomnia B. narcolepsy C. obstructive sleep apnea *D. leep-related eating disorder (SRED) 8. Scientists found that diminished levels of a special class of neurotransmitter called hypocretins, which are produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, have been implicated in a sleep disorder called _______. * A. narcolepsy B. obstructive sleep apnea C. sexsomnia D. somnambulism 9. Heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and nicotine are all addictive drugs that increase levels of which neurotransmitter in the brain? A. serotonin B. melatonin C. norepinephrine * D. dopamine 10. Caffeine: * A. is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world. B. gets its stimulant effect by promoting the release of adenosine in the brians prefrontal cortex. C. gets its stimulant effect by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. D. is the most widely used non-physically addictive drug in the world. 11. Which of the following is a derivative of opium? A. mescaline B. Oxycontin C. psilocybin * D. codeine 12. According to _____ theories of motivation, behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. A. incentive * B. drive C. humanistic D. instinct 13. According to the _____ theory of emotion, your subjective emotional experience is the direct result of physical changes in your body. *A. James-Lange B. cognitive-appraisal C. self-determination D. Schachter-Singer two-factor 14. Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise comprise the list that Paul Ekman calls: A. the facial code. B. facial movements. C. the primary code. * D. primary affects. 15. When people mask an emotion: A. it is impossible to detect their true emotion. *B. the true emotion flashes on their face before they compose their face. C. the true emotion can be read in their eyes. D. their facial muscles always twitch. 16. How do Psychoactive drugs work? -once in our bloodstream, psychoactive drugs influence our behavior by altering the functioning of the central nervous system in some way. 17. What is anger? What features does anger share with other emotions? Anger is an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage, Like other emotions, it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes; when you get angry, your heart rate and blood pressure go up, as do the levels of your energy hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. 8. Define dyssomnia- A general term used to describe any sleeping condition where a person has trouble either getting to sleep or staying asleep. 19. Define parasomnia- A category of sleep disorders in which abnormal events occur during sleep, such as sleepwalking or talking; due to inappropriately timed activation of physiological systems. 20. Define hypnosis- An artificially induced trance st ate resembling sleep, characterized by heightened susceptibility to suggestion.

How to Write a Book Review Complete Guide - Paperell.com

How to Write a Book Review Complete Guide How To Write A Book Review? Most students have come across a situation where they had to write a book review. It can be quite daunting but with the right approach, there is nothing to fear. This article should set on you on the right track.What Is A Book Review?A book review is a critical assessment of a given text: a good review should include a detailed description, analysis, and evaluation of the literature. It should convey your own opinion with supporting evidence from the book. That means there should be an argument you develop as you comment on various aspects of the literature. It is not a simple description of the plot or content: think of it as entering a dialogue and a discussion with the author and the intended reader. You should criticize the writer and pointing out where you agree or disagree.. At the same time, identify where the work is exemplary or weak in its scope, argument, or structure. Your opinion on the book should be stated clearly but also invite the reader to makes their own judgments and conclusion, which might not necessarily be consistent with yours. Your task is to outline the tools that enable readers to form their own objective opinion, despite having read yours. The structure of a book review is similar to other academic writing. It should include a thesis statement formed by you, supporting body paragraphs citing the book, and a conclusion to round it off. Knowing how to write a literature review is an essential skill.A book review format typically presupposes that reviews are kept concise and focused on the task. If you look through examples in academic journals or newspapers, they seldom exceed 1000 words. However, this may not be the case for you, as it depends on your instructions: for instance, extended commentaries are not uncommon in academic writing. Generally speaking, book reviews tend to be succinct. They may vary in subject, tone, and style, but for most purposes share a common set of features:You are required to give a brief summary of the l iterature. This should include a relevant description of the subject, which is followed by a key argument, the author’s perspective, and purpose.More importantly, include a critical evaluation of the content. Introduce your general reaction to the text, identify what is noteworthy, whether you feel the writer achieved their goals and how the work improved your understanding of the issue at hand.You can also include a recommendation. It is a personal opinion on whether you would advise the book to others.Book Review TemplateWriting a book review can be a tough task, as it is hard to form an opinion on something you do not feel qualified to assess. The book might not have caught your attention either. This especially becomes a problem when we are talking about award-winning world-famous literature – who are you to express your thoughts on such a universally recognized piece of art? On top of that, there is so much critical literature on it already that it may appear impo ssible to add anything to it. The idea is to pretend to be an expert to your reader even if you lack the qualifications. You will not be expected to surpass the writer’s genius, but if you make a bit of effort and closely observe the text, you will gather a solid base to enable you to make your own judgments. It is quite a skill to learn to express disagreement tactfully. You have to provide evidence that will later help with other assignments. Some professional book reviews can be found on the New York Times website just to give you an idea.A good book review should follow a template like this:Subject of the book;Summary of its contents;Author’s argument;Your critical appraisal of the book and its argument;Your personal recommendation.A perfect book review is a correct balance of opinions and concrete examples. It also includes your critical evaluation based on a clearly defined rationale and a recommendation to the audience. This way your reader will get a general id ea. They would know whether to enjoy reading it or it would be of no use to them. It is also a good idea to place the book in a wider historical context to demonstrate its relevance and importance. Ultimately, this leaves the reader to make a weighted decision based on multiple factors.Having learned how to review a book, you will understand it ought to focus on opinions instead of facts or details. The first two parts should be kept to a minimum, allowing more room for arguments illustrated by specific details from the book. Seem too complicated? To get professional help with this task you can always use a book report writing service.Recommendations While ReadingThere is no better way of writing a book review than with thorough planning, which is an essential step whenever you are working on any academic writing task. It always takes some planning. When you first read specific literature, you might not have approached it as a critic, but to be successful with a book review, you mus t apply some critical thinking. Thus, it is a two-step process. While reading you have to develop your argument and taking notes that support it Having finished reading, it is important to document your findings and opinions in a structured draft. Include supporting evidence too!Some of the points to consider include:Thesis or main argument of the book – what has the author accomplished;Subject or topic of the book – the author’s approach, covered aspects;How is the author’s argument supported – is it convincing;Structure of the argument – its parts, how persuasive is it;The Book’s contribution to your understanding of the subject.It may also be useful to go beyond the work and contemplate the place of an author in society and history, as well as the book’s genre and context. Take a closer look at how some of the most popular reviews were written here.Advice On WritingOnce you have brought together your observations and assessm ents, inspect your notes and unify them into a statement that makes up your thesis. Don’t forget to include your main arguments for it as well.It is common to approach the task starting with an emphasis on the writer’s argument and gradually develop your own. How you balance it depends on whether you feel confident enough that your audience is more interested in your personal argument based on the primary evidence or it would be more beneficial to place emphasis on the author’s ideas. Â  It is up to you to find the correct balance without compromising quality.The structure of a review is standard. You should start off with an introduction that provides a brief book review outline and provides general information about the book and its author. This should include placing them in a context and describing the writer’s and your personal theses.The introduction is followed by a short summary of the content. Its length can vary depending on the assignment and whether the intended audience has read the book already. But don’t forget: analysis is more important!The main part is analysis and evaluation: each paragraph of this block should deal with a single aspect of your argument. Such structure helps you stay organized. It requires providing supporting evidence for each idea. In most cases, you should avoid organizing your argument chronologically – it makes more sense to do it by topics, the author’s methods, or other elements of the book.In your conclusion, make your final judgment without introducing new evidence. It is a sound idea to go beyond the book by relating your argument to a wider context. Balance the book’s strengths and weaknesses and make one final assessment. Additional help with article review is always within your reach.Review the book written by the author, not your image of it: be objective and constructive with your criticism; use precise language to set the correct tone for your book revi ew. Do not hesitate to express your own opinions supporting them with evidence. Your instructor is looking for you to challenge the writer and read some fresh comments. At the same time, you have to be impartial – make sure your review is not biased because the author has put in a lot of time into their work.

Diversity interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diversity interview - Assignment Example The obvious differences between us is the manner we practice our faith. I am a Catholic while Cyrus is a Muslim. We also have gender differences, he is male while I am female. We also have generational differences with him belonging to Generation X while I belong to Generation Y. Cyrus and I enjoyed talking about our adjustment here in the USA especially when he narrated the funny things he did just to fit in and to some extent, the cultural shock he experienced. I am most comfortable with this topic because this is funny and not sensitive to talk about. The aspect that is least comfortable for me to talk about him was religion. Before asking about it, I had to explain myself at length that this is for a diversity class and that I do not mean to be offensive, and that if I already am, he could interrupt me anytime during the interview. I am not comfortable with the topic of religion because I do not want to be offensive to Cyrus especially that I am a Catholic. I do not want our differences cause friction between us because is such a nice man. You see, Catholic launched a crusade against Islam during the Middle Age and this makes the topic touchy. The most important insight I develop is that our fears and anxiety about Muslims are baseless. For example, I was not comfortable talking about religion especially comparing Catholicism and Islam and that he might still be hooked with the idea of the Crusade. To my surprise however, he is more eager to talk about it and is more conciliatory than I am. Just like the most of us, he does not want to make religion an issue that divides people. He also worries about terrorism in the same manner that we worry about it. This relates to our discussion of our diversity in a manner that our seeming differences after all are not insurmountable if only we keep an open line of communication and if we are willing to talk about it. In talking to

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 7

Case Study Example Despite these challenges many women fail to understand or are ignorant that the law provides them with rights. The case study on Paul Bryant Group management handling of Camilla provides a clear insight into the plight many women go through in our society particularly at workstations during and after maternity leave. The big issue in most cases is that women are seen as being less committed to their bosses or employer since they are now mothers. Many companies today are settling out of court since they dont want to be viewed by their stakeholders to be treating pregnant women or new mothers as such. In the case study for instance, Camilla’s position as a front desk clerk was unlawfully given to another individual despite her notification and officially being out for maternity leave. The case study is based on various aspects of human resource management that one may encounter in any working station in today’s business world and interesting lessons for future managers. Camilla has the ground for a lawsuit against the Paul Bryant Group. The basis for her lawsuit is rooted in the protection of rights she enjoys and too from the un-procedural dismissal from her previous duty by the supervisor. Firstly, the law protects Camilla against being unfairly selected for redundancy due to her pregnancy or taking maternity leave. Sadly, this is the exact scenario that happened. This should not however have been the case. If her job was genuinely redundant while she was absent, then she was entitled to being offered a suitable alternative vacancy (if one was in the company). Ideally, on terms and conditions not considerably less favorable than those of her old job. As per the case study, this did not happen with Camilla at Good Night Inn. These rights are set out in Employment Rights Act 1996 and the Maternity and Parental Leave Regulations amended in 1999 (Lengnick-Hall et al.,

Job Learning Objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Learning Objectives - Essay Example This can be found at http://www.bestbuy.com. My responsibilities were mainly in customer service. I worked with the sales team to help people select items that best suited their needs. Most of my time was spent working at the cash register, assisting with checkout. In this shop there was a manager or assistant manager on duty at all times. They rarely overlapped, so there was only one supervisor in the shop at a time. I reported directly to the manager or assistant manager. On our busiest days, there were five employees. The shop I worked in was small, so the largest crew was usually a manager (or assistant), two people working sales, one working on restocking or cleanliness projects and someone at a cash register. We were located along a commercial strip in Taipei. I was always on the floor either at the cash register or working with a customer. The average career path for people in the company consisted of either moving up into management or leaving to find more challenging and bet ter paying employment. Turnover was very high, mainly because most of the employees were young and always moving from job to job. My orientation was very thorough. I was taught how to handle the hardware, such as the cash register, packaging machines and even a hydraulic assist use for lifting heavy equipment. I was also given a day of customer service training.

How to Have Effective Communitcation

How to Have Effective Communitcation Lets throw some light upon what Communication is all about: According to Allen, Communication is the sum of all the things, one person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of others. It is the bridge of meaning. It involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding. IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION: Effective communication is important because one needs to express his ideas clearly and needs to be understood very clearly while communicating. The receiver should understand the message in the same perception as intended by the sender of the message. This is what we call an effective communication. Interestingly though, there are other facets to effective communication when it comes to written communication, popularly known as Seven Cs of Effective Communication. THE IMPORTANCE OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION IN AN ORGANISATION: Communication is the key to motivation, it helps in informing and illuminating the employees about the task to be carried out, the manner they should be performing their task, and how to improve their performance if it is not up to the mark. An Effective Communication is the best source of information to the members of organization for decision-making process as it helps identifying and evaluate alternative course of actions. Communication also plays a fundamental role in altering an individuals attitude, i.e., a well informed individual will have better attitude than a less-informed individual. Organizational magazines, journals, meetings and various other forms of oral and written communication help in moulding employees attitudes. Communication also helps in socializing. In todays life the only presence of another individual fosters communication. Human is a social animal and survival without communication is neither possible nor fruitful. Communication also assists in controlling process in a big way. It helps controlling organizational members behavior in various ways. It is the art of getting work done. There are various levels of hierarchy, certain principles and guidelines that employees must follow in an organization. They must comply with organizational policies, perform their roles efficiently and communicate any work problem and grievance to their superiors. Thus, communication helps in controlling function of management. TYPES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: Letters Memos Circulars Bulletin Reports Instruction cards Manuals In Order to perfect the art of written communication, we have a helping hand known as the Seven Cs Of Communication The principles advocated by Francis J. Bergin. These principles provide guidelines for choice of content, style of presentation, how much is too much etc. Lets take tour of the same. THE SEVEN Cs OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATON For transmitting effective communication written or oral messages, certain principles must be followed. These principles advocated by Francis J. Bergin. Bergin provides guidelines for choice of content and style of presentation adapted to the purpose the receiver of the message. They are also called as Seven Cs of communication. They are: Completeness Conciseness Clarity Correctness Concreteness Consideration Courtesy COMPLETENESS Every communication must be complete and adequate. Incomplete messages keep the receiver guessing, creates misunderstanding and delay actions. Every person should, therefore, be provided with all the required facts and figures. For example, when the factory supervisor instructs workers to produce, he must specify the exact size, shape, quality and cost of the product. Any assumptions behind the message should also be clarified. While answering a letter, all the questions raised in the letter must be replied. A complete message offers the following benefits: Complete messages are more likely to bring the desired results without the expense of additional messages. They can do a better job of building goodwill. Messages that contain information the receiver needs show concern for others. Complete messages can help advert costly lawsuit that may result if information is missing. Communication that seems inconsequential can be surprisingly important if the information they contain is complete and effective. It is advised that while answering a letter one should make sure that all the questions are answered. The message is not complete, if it fails to answer questions like : What is the meeting about? When is it? and Where? CONCISENESS In business communication, you should be brief and able to say whatever you have to say in fewest possible words without sacrificing the other C qualities. A concise message is complete without being wordy. Conciseness is desired because of the following benefits: A concise message saves time and expense for both sender and receiver. Conciseness contributes to emphasis; by eliminating unnecessary words, you let important ideas stand out. When combined with a YOU-VIEW, concise message are inherently more interesting to recipients as they avoid unnecessary information. There is no hard and fast rule for the length of a letter. A two page letter seems short, while a ten line letter may seem all too long depending upon the event and situation. CLARITY The message should be put in simple terms to ensure clarity. Words must mean the same thing to receiver as they do the sender. Complex issues must be compressed in to themes, slogans or stereotypes that have simplicity and clarity. In order to ensure clarity in oral communications, you should use accurate and familiar words with proper intonation, stresses and pauses. Thoughts should be clear and well organized. The important considerations in attaining clarity are as follows: Choose precise, concrete and familiar simple words. Construct effective sentences and paragraphs. In short, simple and short words are more effective than pompous and heady words. Using the K-I-S-S Method Keep It Short and Simple! If the message does not help recognizes who actually the person is? It may be possible to have many people with same name in an organisation. What great work he/she has done? When? And what he/she is expected to do now? It is not a clear message. CORRECTNESS The term correctness, as applied to business messages means right level of language and accuracy of facts, figures and words. If the information is not correctly conveyed, the sender will lose credibility. Transmission of incorrect information to superior will vitiate decision making process. Transmission of incorrect messages, grammatical errors should also be avoided. All the messages must be transmitted and responded to at the most appropriate time. Outdated information is useless. Since communication is an expensive process, transmitting outdated information involves wastage of time, money and human resources. The principle of correct timing also stipulates that you communicate your message at a time when it is likely to prove most effective. CONCRETENESS Concreteness of messages is an essential requirement of effective communication. It means being specific, definite, and vivid rather than vague and general. In oral communication, we cant draw tables, diagrams, or graphs to make our statement vivid, but we can precise words to convey the correct messages and support it by relevant facts and figures. If the message is specific, there would be increased likelihood that the message is interpreted by the receiver as intended by sender. For sending concrete messages, the following guidelines should be followed: Use concrete expressions. Use specific facts and figures. Put action in your verbs. Choose vivid, image-building words. Facts lend credibility to our communication since it is not possible to refute them. Concrete expressions create visual images that are easy to register. So instead of vague, generalized statements, definite facts should be given. The statements with no passion, no vivid detail, having nothing that creates emotion and nothing that tells people in the audience why they should care does not work well. CONSIDERATION Consideration means preparing the message with the receiver in mind. In order to communicate effectively, the sender should think and look from the receivers angle. He should adopt a humane approach and understand the emotions and sentiments of the receiver. The socio-psychological background of the receiver must be understood. The golden rule First understand than be understood should be followed. It should be noted that consideration underlies the other 6 Cs of the communication. Four special ways to indicate considerations are as follows: Focus on You instead of I and We. Show audience benefit or interest in the receiver. Emphasis positive, pleasant facts. Show empathy. Ask how you would feel if you were to receive this message. Consideration also requires emphasizing positive and pleasant facts. To say no, sorry,regret,disagree should not be used in direct and straight forward manner. COURTESY Courtesy stems from a sincere you-attitude. It is not merely politeness with mechanical insertions of please and thank you, although applying socially accepted manners is a form of courtesy. Rather it is politeness that grows out of respect and concern for others. In business discussions, you should say things with force and assertiveness without being rude. The following guidelines should be observed to ensure courtesy: Thank generously for a favour. When someone does a favour to us, acknowledge it promptly and thank the person. Apologize for an omission. If you had committed a mistake, express regret promptly and sincerely. Avoid irritating expressions. Words and expressions having negative connotation should not be used in the message. Use of non-discriminatory expressions that reflect equal treatment of people regardless of gender, race, ethics, origin and physical features. Below mentioned are some useful guidelines to advice staff members in the organization on how to best communicate effectively: 12 guidelines: Take sufficient time to effectively communicate. Care. Learn to be empathic. Be honest and sincere. One of the cruelest things one can do to another person is to not acknowledge that person. Develop a sense of belonging when interacting with others. Be welcoming and inclusive. Regularly, in your daily life, interact with persons whose culture, race, ethnicity and other identifiers and important characteristics are different than your own. Welcome persons with disabilities. Person with a disability is the preferred manner of speech, versus disabled person. Place the person before the disability. Spend quality time with persons whose backgrounds are different than yours. Set an example by being welcoming and inclusive to everyone. Learn to pronounce names correctly. Make a concerted effort to do so and to remember names.

Macbeths Implacable Guilt Essay -- Macbeth essays

Macbeth's Implacable Guilt      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth underscores the important and usually unforeseen effect of sin, that of guilt. The guilt is so deep that Lady Macbeth is pushed to suicide, and Macbeth fares only slightly better.    Blanche Coles states in Shakespeare's Four Giants that, regarding guilt in the play:    Briefly stated, and with elaborations to follow, Macbeth is the story of a kindly, upright man who was incited and goaded, by the woman he deeply loved, into committing a murder and then, because of his sensitive nature, was unable to bear the heavy burden of guilt that descended upon him as a result of that murder. (37)    A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy demonstrates the guilt of Macbeth from the very beginning:    Precisely how far his mind was guilty may be a question; but no innocent man would have started, as he did, with a start of fear at the mere prophecy of a crown, or have conceived thereupon immediately the thought of murder. Either this thought was not new to him, or he had cherished at least some vaguer dishonourable dream, the instantaneous recurrence of which, at the moment of his hearing of prophecy, revealed to him an inward and terrifying guilt. (316)    In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson comments regarding the guilt of the protagonist:    It is a subtler thing which constitutes the chief fascination that the play exercises upon us - this fear Macbeth feels, a fear not fully defined, for him or for us, a terrible anxiety that is a sense of guilt without becoming (recognizably, at least) a sense of sin. It is not a sense of sin because he refuses to recognize such a category; and, in his stubbornne... ...    Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967.    Kemble, Fanny. "Lady Macbeth." Macmillan's Magazine, 17 (February 1868), p. 354-61. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin.    Siddons, Sarah. "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth." The Life of Mrs. Siddons. Thomas Campbell. London: Effingham Wilson, 1834. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.   

Problem of the organization Essay

The purpose of this case is to understand the situation and the problem the organization has faced and gives possible solutions. The company is conducting work life balance concept to improve the employee satisfaction. Work life balance is intended to maintain the balance between work life and personal life. That is favorably effect to the organization as well as the employees. YTB Bank has faced high absenteeism situation. Even though absenteeism is the practice of regularly staying away from work, here I have identified the absenteeism as a main problem in the case. Therefor I have acknowledged what â€Å"Absenteeism Management† is?. There are many forms to prevent from the absenteeism. Here, I have identified a few of them. Since the organization has faced the problems regarding the absenteeism, I have identified the possible solutions to get rid from that. But there are benefits and difficulties that the manager and the employees can face. Here the implementation of work life balance has gone the wrong way. The reason is, employees do not understand the right implementation of the concept. Because of that they are requesting more flexibility from the manager. For the problem of the case, I have selected the best practices manager can implement. Apprentice employment is the best practice to solve the problem. But there are pros and cons of apprenticeship. There are financial, labor disputes and disadvantages of contract basis employment. I have given a possible solution to get rid of those problems. Finally, I recommend the possible solutions which can implement by the company. Problem Statement and symptoms The problem is four tellers out of seven, requesting leave at the same period. Mr. Gamini as regional manager is facing a problem with requests leave 4 of his tellers out of the 7 at the same time. A. One female teller (A) has already gone on maternity leave and after the cession of the said leave quota she has to report back by next week, yet since her newly born baby was a premature one still she is keeping the child in the Neonatal unit of the Colombo Hospital and meanwhile she has made written request from Mr. Gamini to extend her leave. B. The second teller’s mother has fallen in the house and fractured her leg and this teller being the one and only child of the family had to look after her (B) mother and request at least one month leave. C. The third teller (C) has two little ones in the year 1 and 3 respectively and needs to go early by 12pm to collect her little ones after school since there was no one to take care of them after school as they have come to Colombo recently and the other thing is her husband was a supervisor of a factory who is usually reaching home late. D. The fourth one (D), most competent teller to be a successor to Mr. Gamini after him with good knowledge, skills and experience as identified by Mr. Gamini is demanding to exempt herself for a few hours from daily work in order to continue her MBA. Symptoms Employees do not have proper knowledge about absenteeism. And there is no proper procedure to manage absenteeism. Polices of absenteeism is not carefully established. There is not any flexible work arrangement at the workplace. Literature Review Work-life balance is adjusting day-to-day activities to achieve a sense of balance between work life and personal life. There are benefits of work life balance management. Those have reduced stress levels, at work and at home, Greater focus and concentration, Higher levels of job satisfaction, The opportunity to participate more fully in family and social life, More time to pursue personal goals and hobbies and it is cause to Improve health of employees. Balancing the demands of a busy lifestyle is not an easy thing to do, but is best managed by regularly reviewing and assessing priorities. Setting goals around helps to identify what value highly. Managing time effectively is important. It can be done through reviewing job activities, give priorities and success factors and create a boundary between balancing work and personal time-leave work at work where possible. Build resilience and have a positive attitude is must. Avoid stress, mental exhaustion and burnout, fatigue affect to work productively. Maintain a healthy lifestyle, look after yourself, eat well, sleep well and set aside a little time to exercise or pursue an activity that can enjoy are other factors. Everyone experiences stress at some stage in their life. It is a way for us to know that something in our life is causing us concern and is affecting how we are thinking and feeling. Stress is not always bad. In small doses, it can help you perform under pressure and motivate you to do your best, but when you are constantly running in emergency mode, your mind and body pays the price. Managing stress is about making a plan to be able to cope effectively with daily pressures. The ultimate goal is to strike a balance between life, work, relationships, relaxation and fun. By doing this you are more able to deal with daily stress triggers and meet these challenges head on. Some strategies that can help to look after the mind and body, and in turn help to better control behaviors that result from too much stress. Consequences Consequences of absenteeism is not only harmful to an employee’s career, but the organization’s bottom line. Alternatively, absenteeism could be an indication of managerial issues. As an example : low employee morale and toxic work environment. Regardless of the reason, there is no doubt that the effects of absenteeism at work are resoundingly negative. Absenteeism hits the financial aspects of the organization. The absent member of staff has the potential to be paid for not producing any product. This can be 100% wages for a period of time which falls pro-rate as the absent period continues. Workers who regularly miss work or show up late risk being let go, forcing employers to go through the time and cost of hiring and training alternates. Complicating matters is the cost of having to pay an alternative employee to complete. Especially if short staffing forces managed to pay that individual over time. Administration of the cover absenteeism, rescheduling other employee, possible extra pay for others to take on the added amount of work. The added workload for peers is another problem. This adds greater pressure to others, requires a faster volume of the peers work to make time for the absent employee’s responsibilities to be covered. Frequent absenteeism can cause tension among co-workers. Employees who show up to work regularly and on time feel frustrated that a chronically late or absent employee is giving them an increased workload by forcing them to fill in. They may also pass judgment on the person’s perceived laziness. This anger can be aggravated further if no disciplinary action is taken. Great chance error due to added work load or adding new responsibilities to novice employees product quality deterioration can be brought about by work peers handling higher workloads. Dissatisfied customers may be resulted from that. Potential for other employees to become over-burdened and risk of them taking time off which of course adds to the circular effect. For those on long term absentees there is the possibility that their employment will be terminated. This requires recruitment to start, followed by interview, induction and training to bring the new employee up to that skill level of the terminated employee. Absenteeism impacts on the training and development of the employee base. If there is insufficient staff cover, employees may not be released for upskilling which adds to the poor performance of the overall organization. These are generic points, many employers will bring a wider range of issues specific to their environment If the employee is suffering personal problems, without a certain degree of flexibility and support from management, this can be even more detrimental than unexcused absences. If managers show zero tolerance for any absenteeism, workers will feel compelled to come in regularly, even if they definitely should not be there. Solutions To prevent difficulties like this, YTB Bank could have followed procedures. There are way outs which possible for the bank. A clear attendance policy. Flexible scheduling. Good documentation. Incentive programs should be tied to attendance. Tie promotions to attendants. The employee is in charge of their destiny. Look at the current scheduling guidelines. Peer pressure drives individual accountability. Let employees come up with their own schedules. Focus the real reasons for absence. Communicate regularly. Maintain contact with employees whilst they are absent from work. Take disciplinary action for unacceptable levels of absence. Include team games. Weight attendance on the scorecard. Share the statistics with departments/sections. Since the bank has introduced â€Å" Work-Life-Balancing-Dual-Responsibilities† process for the employees, managers can not restrict on the situation. Because of the he can adopt â€Å"Flexible Work Arrangements† to handle. Flexible work arrangements are alternate arrangements or schedules from the traditional working day and week. Employees may choose a different work schedule to meet personal or family needs. Alternatively, employers may initiate various schedules to meet their customer needs. There are flexible work arrangements can implement as the manager of YTB Banak. Since the teller is the employee of a bank who deals directly with most customers. There should be a proper schedule to satisfy the customers. The tellers should have experience in cash handling and should have pleasant character. To take a solution there are information to recognize. 1. How many tellers should be there at the same time – Assume at least five tellers should be there to handle customers. 2. What are the days the number of customers is high. 3. Whether there are additional employees in other sections (Internal Recruitment). 4. What is the financial position of the company at the moment. Solutions for teller A According to the case, teller A should get leave because of the unconscious situation she has faced. And she has made written request too. As a manager, Mr Gamini can not give her solution. Because of that she should be released from the problem. It is possible if manager can manage the problem with other three tellers. Pros and cons of the solution Teller A satisfied about the leave and she is happy. And she will expect to report to the work as soon as possible. Other employees also expect more flexibility from the manager. Solutions for teller B Asks teller B to take a person or relation to take care her mother. Or tell her to take her own solution to solve the problem without taking leave. Pros and cons of the solution Teller B is getting disappointed about the workplace and she will demotivate to work. Solutions for teller C The manager can introduce flexible working schedule for the tellers. Teller C expecting go early to take her children. And teller D expects few hours of a day. Therefor, it is possible if D can come to work after 12 o’clock while C can go home to take care of the children. Pros and cons of the solution C and D are happy with the solution. And the tellers can treat customers successfully. B is not happy with the solution and she is disappointing. It is harmful to organizations god will and the policies of the company. Because if the employees are going early and come in the evening is will get the bad image for the people. Ask teller C to find out a day care center near to the office for children and manager can give half hour interval to take children and placed them in a day care center. Or manager can arrange a place to keep children within the office. And she can ask her relative to come and stay with them and take care her children. Solutions for Teller D Since the teller D required few hours of the day, it is better if the manager can give her one day leave for a week. Hence, she works four days in a weak and get one day leave. Pros and Cons of the solution Even though she is happy with the solution other employees also expecting excuses. Alternative Solutions 1. Discuss with the tellers at the same time and ask them to get together, discuss and come up with a solution. And the same time inform them, at lest there should be five tellers in the office same time. Pros and Cons of the solution That is motivating employees to take decisions and understand the importance of their attendance their own. According to that manager can arrange the work schedule. Other employee’s attitudes can be changed. They will discourage of work and they will come up with solutions and the reasons for absentees. 2. Delegation the workload with other tellers in preferable schedule is another solution. It is possible arranged teller C and teller D on a roster basis for morning and evenings and B to at be home. Then to fill the blank of a teller, delegate the work with another five tellers. Pros and Cons of the solution Teller C, teller D and Teller B also happy with the solution. Other tellers are getting frustrated. Because their workload is high. Other tellers getting pressure to finish work. And there is a big possibility to make mistakes. 3. Hiring new employees is another solution for that. The situation has not been going for a long time. Because of that manager can not recruit permanent employee. Because of that, the manager can hire a person for a short time period. There are possible employment types which possible: Probationers Apprentice Fixed Term Contract Casual Employees Seasonal Employment Outsourcing Pros and Cost of the solution There is an additional cost for the company. There are hiring cost, interviewing cost, salary and other administrative cost. But it is a long term investment to the company. New spirit of the company. Recommended Solution Since the attitude and the behavior of the employees are very hard to change, it is not perfectly work above most solutions. Because of that I suggest hiring an employee is the best practice for the problem. From the above employment types, â€Å"Apprentice† is the greatest practical solution. Apprenticeship Apprentice cannot be considered as a workman or an employee. Thus there is no contract of service between an employer and employee. An Apprentice is merely acquiring the knowledge of he/she is interested in and an employer merely undertakes to train him. However some statutes including Industrial Dispute Act, EPF Act and Termination of Employment Act, have brought in an Apprentice within the definition of a workman. Taking on apprentices and trainees can provide real benefits for the company. A new apprentice or trainee can contribute significantly to the bottom line, with practical skills and knowledge acquired through their training. Taking on a new apprentice may also mean eligible for a range of government financial assistance. They can be full-time, part-time or school-based. But that is a cost for the company. Apprenticeships are available in many occupations in a broad range of industries. It can be increased labor disputes. By providing apprenticeship company can spread their good will and company can a word the certificate after the period. That is beneficial for future recruitments. Precautions Training Needs Since the newcomer is an unskilled labor there should be orientation program and training program. For that manager can allow senior employees to train new employees. Pros and Cons : That is wasting the time of experienced employee but at the same time it is an investment for the company. Administration Cost There is an administration cost which should outflow of the company. For the personal file and training documents are included to the administration cost. Pros and Cons : Even though it is a cost should pay from the company, it is increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the operations. Moral Issues Morale and employee relations problems arise when the temps working alongside permanent employees for months, doing the same work and putting in the same hours, but not receiving the same benefits afforded their permanent employee’s co-workers. So it is better to explain the beneficial side of the apprentices and make the team work schedules. Pros and Cons : Again there is a time waste, but still the manager can make a friendly environment to each and every employee. Legal Concerns Recent court decisions have highlighted the fact that the organization must be careful how they hire apprentices. There must be no doubt about the workers’ status and about the lack of eligibility for the benefits of permanent employees. And treat temp workers with the same respect and care the permanent staff. Pros and Cons : The manager has to pay more attention to the legal remnants. And that will hit to the efficiency of the operations. But by paying more attention to those problems, managers can prevent from complex situations. Conclusion Organizations are conducting updated techniques, methods and the process maintain the efficient and effectiveness of operations. Human recourse management is one of the most important concepts of the company. Since the technological equipment and methods increase the productivity, there are arrangements to process and maintain employee satisfaction. HR Managers are responsible for making policies, designing and devising human resource strategies, contributing to the corporate plan of the organization, integrating human resource activities to the main purpose of the organization. Work life balance concept is one of the best practices of HRM. Implementation of the work life balance concept is beneficial for both parties. Efficient, innovative and motivated workforce is an asset to the company. And having a flexible work arrangement is facilitating employee satisfaction. They can easy to handle the day to day works. Before implement the process the management of the company should have proper knowledge about the concept and should identify the requirement of the employee. And they should conduct program to train their employees to implement the concept. Management should have rearranged the policies and schedules to maintain the control the concept. Then only company can increase the bottom line. Otherwise employee may expect more excuses and the flexibility and then they will miss their works. Within the work life balance environment it should be careful to maintain the absenteeism. It is better if management can get a solution from the organization without taking solutions from the outside. Job sharing, rescheduling, job expanding, promotions and internal recruitment are the internal solutions for the absenteeism. Otherwise every time organization has to pay the big cost to solve problems. Then employees will use to get solutions from out every time. They will not be serious in their work. In this case I have selected apprentice trainee for the vacancy. Because the change is a pain for employees. May be it is not effective the internal recruitment process. There is no contract with the employee and the employer in apprentice. Since the problem is for a short time period, that is the most possible solution than others. References Dayarathne N W K D K. (2007) Human Resources Management Theory and Practice, Colombo: S. Godage ; Brothers Snell. Bohlander. Vohra. (2007) Human Resources Management,Delhi:Cengage Learning http://wiki. answers. com/Q/How_can_high_absenteeism_of_employees_affect_an_organization 8/12/2013 http://www. qld. gov. au/health/mental-health/balance/lifestyle/index. html 8/14/2013 http://www. chamberscolombo. com/types_of_employment 10/15/2013 http://www. apprentice-forward. org. uk/YoungPeople/AdvantagesDisadvantages. asp 8/15/2013 http://www. businessknowhow. com/manage/hire-temp. htm 8/13/2013 http://www. hrmagazine. co. uk/hro/features/1078051/is-business-flexible 8/13/2013 http://www. hrsrilanka. com/resources/articles/81-terms-and-conditions-of-employment-in-sri-lanka 8/16/2013 https://www. whoi. edu/HR/page. do? pid=14332;ct=901;cid=2248/16/2013 http://www. inc. com/encyclopedia/flexible-work-arrangements. html8/16/2013 Appendix Case Study Mr. Gamini is the regional manager of the YTB Bank regional office Kirulapone and very recently he is facing problems with 4 of his tellers out of the 7 in the office. One female teller has already gone on maternity leave and after the cession of the said leave quota she has to report back by next week, yet since her newly born baby was a premature one still she is keeping the child in the Neonatal unit of the Colombo Hospital and meanwhile she has made written request from Mr. Gamini to extend her leave. The second teller’s mother has fallen in the house and fractured her leg and this teller being the one and only child of the family had to look after her mother and request at least one month leave. The third teller has two little ones in the year 1 and 3 respectively and needs to go early by 12pm to collect her little ones after school since there was no one to take care of them after school as they have come to Colombo recently and the other thing is her husband was a supervisor of a factory who is usually reaching home late. The fourth one, most competent teller to be a successor to Mr. Gamini after him with good knowledge, skills and experience as identified by Mr. Gamini is demanding to exempt herself for a few hours from daily work in order to continue her MBA. Early time none of these kind of request was entertained by the management of the band and from recent past the management is adopting a more flexible procedure and practice with regard to this type of work-life-balancing-dual-responsibilities of workers. Thus the new trend demands the regional manager Mr. Gamini to become a flexible

Biography of Martha Carrier, Accused Witch

Biography of Martha Carrier, Accused Witch Martha Carrier (​born Martha Allen; died August 19, 1692) was one of 19 people accused of witchcraft who were hanged during the 17th century Salem witch trials. Another person died of torture, and four died in prison, although the trials lasted only from spring to September of 1692. The trials began when a group of girls in Salem Village (now Danvers), Massachusetts, claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused several local women of being witches. As hysteria spread throughout colonial Massachusetts, a special court was convened in Salem to hear the cases. Fast Facts: Martha Carrier Known For: Conviction and execution as a witchBorn: Date unknown in Andover, MassachusettsDied: Aug. 19, 1692 in Salem, MassachusettsSpouse: Thomas CarrierChildren: Andrew Carrier, Richard Carrier, Sarah Carrier, Thomas Carrier Jr., possibly others Early Life Carrier was born in Andover, Massachusetts, to parents who were among the original settlers there. She married Thomas Carrier, a Welsh indentured servant, in 1674, after giving birth to their first child, a scandal that wasnt forgotten. They had several children- sources give numbers ranging from four to eight- and lived for a time in Billerica, Massachusetts, moving back to Andover to live with her mother after her fathers death in 1690. The Carriers were accused of bringing smallpox to Andover; two of their children had died of the disease in Billerica. That Carriers husband and two other children were ill with smallpox and survived was considered suspect- especially because Carriers two brothers had died of the disease, which put her in line to inherit her fathers property. She was known as a strong-minded, sharp-tongued woman, and she argued with her neighbors when she suspected them of trying to cheat her and her husband. Witch Trials Belief in the supernatural- specifically, in the devil’s ability to give humans the power to harm others through witchcraft in return for their loyalty to him- had emerged in Europe as early as the 14th century and was widespread in colonial New England. Coupled with the smallpox epidemic, the aftermath of a British-French war in the colonies, fears of attacks from nearby Native American tribes, and a rivalry between rural Salem Village and the more affluent Salem Town (now Salem), the witch hysteria had created suspicions among neighbors and a fear of outsiders. Salem Village and Salem Town were near Andover. The first convicted witch, Bridget Bishop, was hanged that June. Carrier was arrested on May 28, along with her sister and brother-in-law, Mary and Roger Toothaker, their daughter Margaret (born 1683), and several others. They all were charged with witchcraft. Carrier, the first Andover resident caught up in the trials, was accused by the four Salem girls, as they were called, one of whom worked for a competitor of Toothaker. Beginning the previous January, two young Salem Village girls had begun having fits that included violent contortions and uncontrolled screaming. A study published in Science magazine in 1976 said the fungus ergot, found in rye, wheat, and other cereals, can cause delusions, vomiting, and muscle spasms, and rye had become the staple crop in Salem Village due to problems with cultivating wheat. But a local doctor diagnosed bewitchment. Other young local girls soon began to exhibit symptoms similar to those of the Salem Village children. On May 31, Judges John Hathorne, Jonathan Corwin, and Bartholomew Gedney examined Carrier, John Alden, Wilmott Redd, Elizabeth How, and Phillip English. Carrier maintained her innocence, though the accusing girls- Susannah Sheldon, Mary Walcott, Elizabeth Hubbard, and Ann Putnam- demonstrated their supposed afflictions caused by Carriers powers. Other neighbors and relatives testified about curses. She pleaded not guilty and accused the girls of lying. Carriers youngest children were coerced into testifying against their mother, and her sons Andrew (18) and Richard (15) were also accused, as was her daughter Sarah (7). Sarah confessed first, after which her son Thomas Jr. did as well. Then, under torture (their necks tied to their heels), Andrew and Richard also confessed, all implicating their mother. In July, Ann Foster, another woman accused in the trials, also implicated Martha Carrier, a pattern of the accused naming other people that was repeated again and again. Found Guilty On August 2, the court heard testimony against Carrier, George Jacobs Sr., George Burroughs, John Willard, and John and Elizabeth Proctor. On August 5, a trial jury found all six guilty of witchcraft and sentenced them to hang. Carrier was 33 years old when she was hanged on Salems Gallows Hill on August 19, 1692, with Jacobs, Burroughs, Willard, and John Proctor. Elizabeth Proctor was spared and later freed. Carrier shouted her innocence from the scaffold, refusing to confess to a falsehood so filthy even though it would have helped her avoid hanging. Cotton Mather, a Puritan minister and author at the center of the witch trials, was an observer at the hanging, and in his diary he noted Carrier as a rampant hag and possible Queen of Hell. Historians have theorized that Carrier was victimized because of a fight between two local ministers over disputed property or because of the selective smallpox effects in her family and community. Most agree, however, that her reputation as a disagreeable member of the community could have contributed. Legacy In addition to those who died, about 150 men, women, and children were accused. But by September 1692, the hysteria had begun to abate. Public opinion turned against the trials. The Massachusetts General Court eventually annulled verdicts against the accused witches and granted indemnities to their families. In 1711, Carriers family received 7 pounds and 6 shillings as recompense for her conviction. But bitterness lingered inside and outside the communities. The vivid and painful legacy of the Salem witch trials has endured for centuries as a horrific example of false witness. Noted playwright Arthur Miller dramatized the events of 1692 in his 1953 Tony Award-winning play â€Å"The Crucible,† using the trials as an allegory for the anti-Communist â€Å"witch hunts† led by Sen.  Joseph McCarthy  in the 1950s. Miller himself was caught up in McCarthys net, likely because of his play. Sources Salem Witch Trials Timeline. ThoughtCo.The Salem Witch Trials Victims: Who Were They? HistoryofMassachusetts.org.Salem Witch Trials. History.com.Salem Witchcraft Trials. WomensHistoryBlog.com.

30 Idioms About Common Shapes

30 Idioms About Common Shapes 30 Idioms About Common Shapes 30 Idioms About Common Shapes By Mark Nichol Figurative references to circles, squares, and triangles turn up in a variety of familiar expressions. Here’s a list of many of those idioms and their meanings. 1. To be a square peg in a round hole is to be someone who doesn’t fit in a particular environment, or in certain circumstances. 2. To go back to square one is to start over again because of a setback or an impasse. 3. The expression â€Å"Be there, or be square† alludes to often-lighthearted pressure to attend an event or suffer the consequences of being considered conventional and uninteresting. 4–6. To call something square, square something with someone, or square accounts is to agree with another party that neither party owes anything to the other one. 7. To circle around is to move in a circular motion to engage in reconnaissance or to figuratively evaluate a situation. 8. A circular argument is one in which the proposition is assumed to be true. 9. To come (or go) full circle is to figuratively return to one’s starting point. 10. Someone who could fight a circle saw is so tough that the thought of sparring with a deadly power tool does not faze him or her. 11. To say that something doesn’t cut any squares with one means that one refuses to be influenced. 12. To be fair and square is to treat everyone impartially. 13. To look someone square in the eye is to do so directly, indicating honesty. 14. A love, or eternal, triangle is a circumstance in which two people are in love with the same person. 15. To move in the same circles with someone is to have similar tastes and frequent the same locations. 16. Something on the square is done fairly, honestly, and openly. 17. To be out of square is to not be in agreement. 18. To run circles around (or run rings around) someone is to figuratively outcompete him or her to the extent that the other person seems to be standing still. 19. To run around in circles is to figuratively expend much effort with little result because of poor organization or planning. 20. A square answer is an honest one. 21. To square away is to rectify or put in order. 22. A square deal is a fair deal. 23. A square meal is a complete, nutritious set of food servings. â€Å"Three square meals† (often abbreviated to â€Å"three squares†) refers to the traditional daily schedule of breakfast, lunch, and dinner (or supper). 24. To square off is to prepare to fight or compete. 25. To square up is to settle or reconcile. It also means to confront someone or something courageously. 26. To square one’s shoulders is to literally straighten one’s shoulders before undertaking a difficult task or to figuratively prepare oneself for an effort. 27. To attempt to square the circle is to try to do the impossible. 28. To square something with someone means to obtain approval or permission 29. To speak or talk in circles is to discuss an issue or problem repetitively with no progress. 30. A vicious circle (or vicious cycle) is one in which solutions create new problems. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: Verb MoodPersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

The Current Economic Crisis in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Current Economic Crisis in Australia - Essay Example Banks may be unable to reconstruct for the huge losses which have rooted or incurred by borrowers, default on interest as well as principle repayments. Another impact if investors and banks will not be able to make for the losses would be the increase credit card rates as well as other bank charges to make consumers compensate for the irresponsibility of the financial institutions and other banks. ABC News (2009) reported that, the economic meltdown will result to political instability. The impact of rigorously declined economic activity will spectacularly impact on Australia due to the fact that, narrow economic base, latent as it does on mining as well as agriculture, the former reliant on sales to China while the latter on the wheat sales, wool and meat. The Australian Business (2009) reported that, National Australia Bank warned regarding bad debts which were on the rise; the global economic catastrophe was hurting all its businesses. The economic crisis that Australia is now suffering may be the outcome of the credit expansion. This present crisis is the unavoidable development to a boom that necessarily follows each boom spawned by the effort to decline the "natural rate of interest" by escalating the fiduciary media. The unprofitability of numerous branches of production as well as the unemployment of a substantial portion of the workers can apparently not be owed to the deceleration in business single-handedly. Both the unprofitability and the being without a job are quite intensified by the general depression. Nonetheless, the populations are confronted with a new problem which is not yet fully answered by principles of cyclical changes alone (Ludwig Von Misses Institute,... This essay highlights the key reasons for the current economic crisis in Australia and discusses the likely effects to the country. The road to crisis in today’s economic crisis can be linked to the drastic privatization in Australia, to name some include: airports, port facilities, railways power, water, telecommunications. The economic crisis may also be the outcome of the credit expansion. This present crisis is the unavoidable development to a boom that necessarily follows each boom spawned by the effort to decline the â€Å"natural rate of interest† by escalating the fiduciary media. The unprofitability of numerous branches of production as well as the unemployment of a substantial portion of the workers can apparently not be owed to the deceleration in business single-handedly. Both the unprofitability and the being without a job are quite intensified by the general depression. The populations are confronted with a problem which is not yet answered by principles of cyclical changes alone The severity of the growth turn down will depend upon what happens to China. The Australian federal government has been alleged of being a government in no power to control the big banks as well as corporations. The huge institutions have apprehensive words of the Federal Treasurer. It seems that the banks are no longer ready to be restrained by the Reserve Bank or federal government . Australian federal government should restore some control over the economic direction since it is more essential than any further privatization.